Chapter I concept of carbon neutralization
"Carbon neutralization" refers to the process of offsetting carbon dioxide or greenhouse gas emissions from human production and life through the development and utilization of new energy, energy conservation and emission reduction, afforestation and other forms, so as to achieve positive and negative offsetting and achieve relative "zero emission".
The world has reached a consensus on carbon neutrality. By the end of 2020, a total of 44 countries and economies in the world have officially announced carbon neutrality goals, including countries and regions that have achieved the goals, written into policy documents, proposed or completed legislative procedures. Among them, the newly revised climate change act of the UK came into force on June 27, 2019, becoming the first developed country to make it clear through legislation that it will achieve zero net greenhouse gas emissions in 2050. The trump administration of the United States withdrew from the Paris Agreement, but the new President Biden signed an executive order on the first day of taking office to return the United States to the Paris Agreement, and plans to set the goal of carbon neutrality by 2050.
The concept of carbon neutralization mainly includes: relevant companies in the fields of new energy, energy conservation and environmental protection and UHV. The industries involved are mainly industry and public utilities. In the subdivided sub industries, they are mainly related to power and electrical equipment, environment and facility services.
Chapter II ways to achieve carbon neutralization
2.1 carbon neutralization industry chain
2.1.1 power and power generation equipment industry
Electrification is the core of carbon neutralization, and the green transformation of power is the basis of carbon neutralization. Due to its "standardization" and "controllability", high energy efficiency and energy-saving and clean energy use, electric power is not only the "booster" of the industrialization process, but also high-quality energy. Electrification is also the most mature technology path with the lowest cost of carbon neutralization. Through the improvement of the electrification level of terminal energy users such as transportation, industry and construction, it will replace the consumption of fossil energy such as coal and oil.
The downstream of power generation equipment is the industry, agriculture, service industry and social life of power production and power consumption. The upstream industry of thermal power equipment is coal mining and washing. In addition to thermal power equipment, there are various power generation equipments.
In the industrial chain of wind power equipment, the upstream is the production and processing industry of materials such as steel, glass fiber, resin and electronic components, the midstream is the installation and construction industry of structural parts and generators, and the downstream is wind power generation projects.
In the nuclear power equipment industry chain, the upstream is steel, nuclear power castings and other raw materials, of which steel is the basic material and nuclear electroforming forgings are the main components; The midstream is the complete nuclear power equipment, which is divided into three parts: nuclear island equipment, conventional island equipment and auxiliary equipment; The downstream of the industrial chain is the operation of nuclear power plants. At present, only CNNC, CGN, CPI and Huaneng Group have nuclear power plant operation licenses.
Solar photovoltaic power generation refers to a power generation method that directly converts light energy into electric energy without thermal process. It includes photovoltaic power generation, photochemical power generation, light induction power generation and photobiological power generation. Among them, solar cells are the main part of solar power generation, and crystalline silicon is the main material of solar cells.
The photovoltaic industry chain includes six links: silicon material, ingot (pull rod), slice, cell chip, cell module and application system. The upstream is silicon material and silicon wafer link; The middle reaches are battery cells and battery modules; The downstream is the application system link. Globally, the number of enterprises involved in the six links of the industrial chain has increased significantly in turn, and the photovoltaic market industrial chain has a pyramid structure.
